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Samuel Thomson and the Poetry
of Botanic Medicine, 1810-1860

Chapter 5

Regular Versus Thomsonian


With so many learned doctors practicing their own species of rationalism, it is not surprising that the medical profession failed to attract an abiding confidence within American culture. As Thomas Jefferson and others would attest, physicians were pitifully ignorant, drastic in their healing regimens, alarming in their pretense of understanding the keys to health and disease, and rapacious in their pecuniary interests. Medicine in the days of Jefferson failed to meet the demands of doctors and their patients. Based on erroneous philosophy, it tended to relieve patients more effectively of their pocketbooks than of their ailments. When physicians insisted upon treating patients with regimens that all but guaranteed failure, these ineffective treatments robbed physicians of their status in society, and more importantly, invited a host of reformers anxious to test their theories and skills among a desperate and willing population.

Regular, orthodox, or old school medicine, sometimes termed allopathy, faced strong opposition in the early years of the nineteenth century. Challenged by in-house critics as well as by those who chose to fight from the outside, medical orthodoxy struggled to find its bearings amid the changes and tensions of the age. Substantive opposition to the Galenic tradition had come by way of the political revolution of late eighteenth century France , the creation of new hospitals and medical schools, and the dominance of a new generation of empirically oriented teachers who chose to ignore the siren appeals of the older system-builders. Preferring less theory and more facts, and a healing art that rested on individual case histories built on observation at the bedside, medicine looked for guidance from a new breed of doctors exemplified in the work of Phillippe Pinel (1745-1826), Jean N. Corvisart des Marets (1755-1821), Pierre J. G. C ab anis (1757-1808), Pierre Louis (1787-1872), and other clinical teachers who stressed the importance of disease identification on the basis of extensive clinical examinations.

This so-called French Period in American medicine witnessed efforts in and outside established medical circles to bring about reform. Those who worked inside the medical establishment were genteel in their criticisms, preferring to work at the margins and contenting themselves with limited victories rather than frontal assaults. This effort brought with it a healthy skepticism of traditional remedies and therapeutics, a more focused interest on specific diseases, less concern for the body's overall state, and a desire to support nature's own healing processes. Here was a genuine effort to overthrow metaphysical concepts of disease that had reigned unchallenged for centuries. Those outside apostolic medicine--the botanics, Indian Doctors, eclectics, Thomsonians, physio-medicals, homeopaths, and hydropaths--were more pointed in their criticisms and depicted regulars in the narrowest and most contemptuous manner. Theirs was a true medical protestantism, believing it necessary to break completely from the medical establishment. The poetry of Samuel Thomson and his followers is representative of that protestantism and obvious in its vehemence.

As the Thomsonian movement spread south and into the trans-Appalachian west, it made friends and disciples along the way. But principal catalyst to its growth and acceptance was the fear that gripped the nation in 1832 as newspapers announced the outbreak of cholera in Europe and Asia . Papers tracked its progress by announcing the numbers of deaths in each of the major world capitals, printed the variations in atmospheric temperature in those same cities, and reported any new or unusual laws or statutes intended to control the spread of the disease. Cholera meetings were common events in schools, churches, and courthouses as worried families met with elected officials and religious leaders to plot the direction and speed of the disease. There, too, officials and families shared every rumor of effective cure; suggested ways to prevent its attack or moderate its violence; appointed committees of citizens to render assistance; gave directions for administering medicines; registered all cases; consulted on further measures; and corresponded with persons interested in testing the efficacy of novel treatments.

Regular doctors and town officials desperately tried to identify anything that might protect or cure victims of the disease. As matters stood, the integrity of the medical establishment seemed to hang in the balance as regulars resorted to an assortment of stimulants, cathartics, emetics, rubefacients, warm baths, frictions, bleeding, and cold applications. Although a few doctors confined themselves to the milder vegetable cathartics, most preferred a combination of opium and calomel. Lundsford P. Yandell's heroic treatment for fellow Kentuckians consisted of providing rest and warmth to the skin in the first stages through the use of 20, 60, and 120 grain doses of calomel; repeated doses using a third of an ounce of calomel in the second stage; and repeated doses of an ounce or more in the third stage.

UNTITLED

Come, Cholera doctors, spread the news,
Your poisons give men's lives abuse,
From boards of health, your powers extend,
To desolate our happy land!

These points attained, exert those powers,
We'll see the effect in a few hours;
Men die apace, where'er they go,
Their steps are marked with human woe!

When health prevailed throughout the land,
And drugs were plenty on their hand,
They took their stand and raised the cry,
"See the cholera clouds from Asia fly!"

Weak minds they thus did irritate,
And made them think the danger great!
To pacify and gain consent,
Their poison take, death to prevent.

O, what a hoax to speed their skill,
With lancet, calomel, and pill;
Camphor and opium they combine,
To carry on their bold design.

These are the facts, as we believe,
We have no wish aught to deceive;
Men to their graves by poisons hurled,
The plague is spreading round the world.

Near all the earth has felt the bane
Of Paracelsus' poisonous reign!
The cholera cloud has spread its scenes,
From Asia's shore to New Orleans.

The march of death will thus proceed,
Till botanists shall take the lead;
Their skill employ on nature's plan,
Disease remove and save the man.

This they have done some thousand times,
Tho' cures by them, are law-made crimes;
But in so great and good a cause,
They'll cures effect in spite of laws:

The mineral doctors can't succeed,
In vain they blister, purge, and bleed,
In vain their calomel they've tired,
Most of their cholera patients died.

The facts are plain when foes confess,
Botanic doctors had success;
And saved the lives of many a score,
By college doctors given o'er.

What is the use of boasted skill
In jalap, bolus, or in pill;
When those whom they attempt to cure,
By swallowing drugs their death is sure?

What is the use of all their skill,
That will not cure but often kill!
Our great Convention lxxv we have called,
The craft to check and spare the world.

Now let each father, brother, friend,
Who in this council may attend,
Stand like a soldier in his post,
Nor fear to face that venal host.

They crowd around on every hand,
Against the truth to make a stand;
Their mercenary plans must fail,
Great is the truth and must prevail.

The time arrives, botanics meet.
Each patent doctor takes his seat;
And stands a champion in the cause
Of nature and her simple laws.

Kind nature speaks in language plain;
No magic here to give you pain;
Easy her words are understood,
"No poisons take, nor spill your blood!"

Come, friendly breth'ren, far and near,
All have a right to speak and hear;
Your vouchers show and prove you come,
To be a mouth for those at home.

We'll organize by joint consent,
A Clerk elect and President,
With Committees as we may need,
Arrange our work and so proceed.

The President now takes the chair
With dignity and solemn air;
Did the becoming grace proceed,
A message to our friends to read.

United in the common cause,
'Gainst deadly drugs and poison laws,
A seat was free to every man,
To help to execute their plan.

Thus in their work did they proceed,
Petitions hear and letters read:
Record the cures that steamers do,
With ways and means that they pursue.

How they reject the forms and rules,
As practiced by the mineral schools;
And how their enemies will tell,
Of patients killed, though 'live and well.

The time affords a pleasant chance,
In useful knowledge to advance;
Our founder is our common friend,
To his suggestions we'll attend.

His system, if you understand,
Will all improvements comprehend;
Unless you do reject it all,
And let the whole to ruin fall.

If you his system understand,
Auxiliaries prop, but do not mend;
The principle remains the same,
Whatever remedy you name.

Those remedies which don't agree
With strict, correct philosophy,
May some unknowing ones allure;
But yet disease they cannot cure.

Should they some transient good produce,
You'll find an evil in their use;
And what appears to do you good,
Will lurk a poison in your blood.

Let all improvements that remain,
And all pretensions to the same,
Be well examined at the first,
Lest some should take us all on trust.

We make no doubt you understand,
Numbers have risen in our land;
Your confidence they do abuse,
By urging you their drugs to use.

Smith's book, lxxvi for trial first appears,
But has been sinking many years;
Has been before us and been tried,
Condemned in full and set aside.

Miles and Rogers, lxxvii they come next,
Each have Improvement for their text;
This is the gold with which they gild,
And thus conceal their want of skill.

In their contrivances so arch,
Did they attempt to steal a march;
But their improvements like the first,
Have tumbled to their native dust.

Now comes the great inflated book, lxxviii
Which drowns the eye at every look;
O'erwhelms all nature with surprise,
Like John's great beast with seven eyes.

What is there in this book we find?
Try all the powers of earth and time,
To ope' the book and loose the seals,
And find the light that it reveals.

This much we learn with deep surprise,
That it abounds with foolish lies;
Culled from the book already tried,
And several other books beside.

Nothing original or new
Is here presented to our view,
But mandrakes, opium, drops, and stuff,
Gunpowder plaster--cancer puff. lxxix

The cause of truth will still go on,
In spite of all this book has done;
In vain the dupe of Howard tries,
To use his hundred remedies.

We wish each family apart,
To understand the healing art;
Without so many forms and rules,
Both coined and practiced by the schools.

Our plan's intended for their good,
And easy to be understood;
As taught us in the school of nature,
Established by the great Creator.

But when we gaze at Howard's book,
Imposture meets us at a look;
Deception glares upon its face,
So we dismiss it in disgrace.

Most freely now let us impart,
With faithful lips and honest heart;
All that we know and can reveal,
The maladies of men to heal.

So many friends as here have met,
Does much substantial joy create,
Especially we are glad to find,
They're of one soul, and heart, and mind.

A Judas now and then may rise,
But this will give us no surprise;
Some real friends, we have conceived,
May turn away by foes deceived.

Our remedies have all been tried,
And stood the test, though oft belied;
So, never let it be forgot,
We'll buy the truth and sell it not.

Reformers may be multiplied,
Our faith and patience may be tried;
One truth remains firm and sure,
Our remedies, disease will cure.

(Dr. Samuel Thomson) lxxx

The following poems depict the struggle between medical regulars and the reformers, with the latter group steadily growing in strength and numbers.

PARAPHRASE, OF A PATRIOTIC HYMN, BY MRS. BARBAULD

Thomsonians rouse! lift up your eyes,
See poison foes against you rise;
Their country's foes, a recreant host,
With falsehood, trick and empty boast.

See how these fiends to man do rage,
And fierce for blood and gold engage,
See poisoned nets, of falsehood spread,
And honest people captive led.

There 'Celsus with his "monster" stands
Upheld by law's "voracious hands,"
There poison multiplied abound,
To grind the people to the ground.

Their ranks with servile army spreads,
There wealth, with unturned nasal, treads;
There sycophantic flattery, smiles,
And base corruption tries her wiles.

Then let us boldly field,
Secure in Thomson's helm and shield,
The terrors and the charms repel,
And tricks of "doctors"--arts of hell.

The "patriot" Thomson, triumph'd here
Why should the "faithful followers" fear?
We have been victors oft before,--
We shall be, when this conflict's o'er.

(S.) lxxxi

 

MEDICAL REFORMERS

From mountain, valley, hill and glen,
They come, a valiant race of men;
On truth omnipotent they stand,
With conquering weapons in their hand.

No bloody instruments they wield--
Theirs is a moral battle-field;
On this they stand, in numbers few,
With hearts undaunted, firm and true.

They come to crush a dreadful foe
To human health and life below--
More deadly than the Upas tree--
The lancet, knife, and mercury.

Truth is the weapon which they hold
Against this enemy so bold;
Onward they move, determined all,
By truth and right to stand or fall.

Great God! preserve them in the right,
Stand by them in their moral fight;
Before them may all error flee,
And lead them on to victory.

(Anonymous) lxxxii

 

BALLAD: REGULAR AND THOMSONIAN TREATMENT

Mr. Editor: Physicians, politicians and divines,
Divisions sore on earth doth cause in modern times;
Some war about Democracy, and some about their creeds;
The doctors war in theory, the people about their deeds.

In all the wars just named, each claim in their defense
Reason, Science, Philosophy, and Common Sense;
Each claim a reason for their course, a reason for their views;
In politics which side to take, and doctors which to choose.

The regular M.D. claims knowledge of the human frame,
The action and the office of muscle, nerve and vein;
And all theories extant, from Hippocrates' days,
Will quote, to Rush or Brown as proof, to Hunter or Broussais. lxxxiii

Of disease in various classes have learned their names to speak
Most fluently, in English, in Latin, and in Greek;
Anatomy and Chemistry are safely lodged in brain,
Physiology and Pharmacy, with all their mystic train:

Of symptoms, though perplexing, and difficult to find;
Of Febres Intermittens, and of all the Febrile kind;
Of Epilepsy, Palsy, of Rheumatism, Gout;
With cause remote and proximate, by us are cyphered out.

They have drank in new inventions, nor let the moment pass
Of knowledge to accumulate in Galvanism, Gas,
In the Electric Fluids, in Homoeopathic gains,
In Hygeine, and Diet, to alleviate our pains.

Essential to the healing art is this amount of lore;
In order to be qualified, should Cullen's works explore;
On Abercrombie and on Brown the student long should dwell;
On Gregory and Dewees too, on Hooper, Coxe, and Bell. lxxxiv

With this amount of knowledge, with saddle-bags in hand,
Diplomas in their pockets, respect for to command,
Profess the Art of Healing, on the long beaten track;
Should any dare to doubt their skill, 'tis ignoramus! quack!

When first they call to see the sick, (O! what a narrow chance)
Begin by giving calomel, and then plunge in the lance;
With Antimony follow up, with Nitre and Morphine;
The inflammation to allay, on liver, lungs, or spleen.

Then if the pulse should quickly beat, next day they call again,
The same course over will repeat ('twill surely ease your pain)
Perhaps a Blister may advise, or some Mercurial Paste,
To act as counter-irritant, and cure with greater haste.

Then if the patient and his pulse should both together sink,
Next day the Dr. will advise some lemon juice or acid drink;
Peruvian Bark would stimulate, I'll give you some Quinine,
Some Ipecac lxxxv, and Calomel, and Dover 's Powders, fine.

Saying--Sir, your case is obstinate, the symptoms are obscure,
Your case requires attention, the very best of care,
A water-gruel regimen the symptoms sure must soften--
Take care to wake him once an hour, give Dover 's Powders often.

Next day the case being doubtful--A counsel quickly call,
In order to approve my course and satisfy you all,
And while we thus are waiting I think I would advise
You to suspend the medicine, and give the patient ease.

Then comes the aged counsellor, with wrinkles on his brow,
With looks imparting wisdom, he asks the doctor how
The man was firstly taken, and if in the Sthenic stage lxxxvi
The modus operandi, did not his pains assuage.

In giving Calomel, and Bleeding, you surely have done well,
To reduce the arterial action, morbid virus to expel;
The Antimony and Ipecac. I also recommend,
Had you given'em more freely 'twould been better in the end.

He then tells o'er the num'rous cases that had fallen to his lot,
But their names and place of residence he'd most of them forgot,
How strangely they were handled, how soon they were restor'd
By bleeding and blisters, and other means he did afford.

As it regards this patient, old D'Alambert lxxxvii I shall quote--
Give Alum, Lead, Or Kino, for soreness of the throat;
And for his schirrus liver try Corrosive Sublimate,
Or the Nitrate of Silver, the part to irritate.

At night I would give Morphine, his nerves for to quiet;
At morning give the Blue Pill, with a vegetable diet;
Give Digitalis for the blood, for stupor give Cinchona;
Give Ether for the spasms, or the Spirits of Ammonia.

For extreme irritation, all our authors have directed
Many Leeches to apply, and cup the part affected;
Both Foxglove and Strammonium, are very much in use,
But both are quite narcotic, and delirium may produce.

Should stupefaction follow, or much vertigo ensue,
Then withhold the Strammonium, and Digitalis too,
His case would then be doubtful, 'tis obstinate at best,
And has been from the onset--such pressure on the chest.

I have business somewhat urgent that calls me away,
Should the sick man get worse, let me know without delay;
Just mark the directions--Keep him cool, dress the blister,
Shut the neighbors from the room, don't speak above a whisper.

The medicine being given as the counsel did prescribe,
He was next day delirious, and comatose beside;
The Alum being given, friends and neighbors flock around,
Each bringing in confusion, confusion to confound.

Some said he was a dying, others thought he had a fit;
Some said it was the medicine that caused the whole of it,
Some said it were their case, they knew what they should do
--They would call another doctor--and a steam doctor too.

Opinions selling very cheap, each one his mind did tell;
Some prais'd Lobelia up quite high, some worshipped Calomel;
Some said--Keep on your former course, the doctor's skilful sure;
And others thought his medicine would kill instead of cure.

While some were pulling this way, and some were pulling that,
The family being much alarmed, and quite confus'd with chat
Concluded (although much opposed) to let the steamer try,
And gratify their anxious friends, expecting he would die.

Friends' hopes began to brighten, opposers they did sneer,
Some took their hats and left the house, and some did volunteer;
One for the doctor was quite fast, one steep'd some catmint tea,
Another watched the patient's bed, to see if he breathed free.

While waiting thus in deep suspense, no help within their power,
Anxiety rais'd to such a pitch each moment seemed an hour,
Soon as the steamer had arrived, this anxious care had fled,
They ushered him into the house, then to the sick man's bed.

Saying--Doctor, I am glad you are come; can you the sick man save?
He's certain at the point of death, do keep him from the grave,
Since morning he has speechless been, and like a person froze,
With Camphor I have rubbed him once, held Hartshorn to his nose.

The steamer felt his pulse and said--He's surely in a fit,
Just take this medicine away, his case I chance may hit:
Then took a phial from his bags, of Preparation Third,
He gave him some between the teeth, the sick man groaned and stirred.

Distressed, he turned from side to side--no ease or comfort there;
His friends, astonished and amazed, did say--We may well despair.
The Hot Drops now were given free, but these increased the pain;
He next gave Composition Tea, but friends all said 'twas vain.

Hot bricks around him now were placed, the clothes in water wet,
With No.6 they rubbed him o'er, (no ease he got as yet,)
The friends began to look quite wise, their fears began to show,
They said--Your hot stuff will never do, the sick man is so low.

The steamer mildly reasoned, and tried their minds to calm,
His medicines were safe and good, and never would do harm,
He had tried them o'er and o'er, he knew full well their power;
Be calm, (he says,) keep quiet, don't let your feelings sour.

But friends they could no longer bear, to witness such distress,
Retired into another room, their feelings to express;
One says--He pours Lobelia down, gives Hot Drops and Cayenne,
I always had most horrid fears about these ignorant men.

One says--I know not what to do, I have a mind to go
And ask our M.D. what he thinks--I'm sure he ought to know.
Another says--We'll wait and see, it may be for the best,
And give the man a trial fair, his medicines to test.

While this debate was going on, the steamer kept at work,
The man had vomited and sweat, was free from pain, & chirk;
The doctor then stept out, and ask'd if they were o'er their fright,
Who found they were more scared than hurt--the medicine was right.

Cayenne and Bitters then he gave, and Composition strained;
The sick man took them every day, and every day he gained;
Opposers now began to flounce, they swore it was a shame
To give the steamer any praise--the man was gaining when he came!

Great is Diana! was the shout, the Ephesians thus did cry,
This Thomsonian must come down, or people sure must die;
For in a paper once I read, ('twas somewhere way out west,)
A steamer called to see a man--and steamed the man to death.

But some with opposition mild, (who ne'ertheless felt sad,)
Upon their lips would force a smile, saying--If he gains I'm glad,
But charge all men, where'er you go, (lest he should be a winner,)
To give the God of Heaven praise--for this man he's a sinner!

(Demas Hine) lxxxviii

 

THE CONTRAST

The iron rod and fata spear
We wield for death throughout the year;
We wield for death the iron rod,
And thousands send to meet their God!
(Esculapians)

We use such balms as have no strife
With nature or the streams of life;
With blood our hands we never stain,
Nor poisons give, to ease man's pain.
Good balm will harm no man or fly,
While God shall rule in yonder sky;
And we, in life, will never cease,
By simple means to kill disease.

(Thomsonians) lxxxix

 

THE REGULAR AND THE BOTANIC PRACTICE OF MEDICINE

What led man to the regulars' invention?
Was it to cure the sick his intention?
Or was it ignorance that led him astray,
Ostentatious, sophistical demons of day!

Yes, Experience has taught us a new school,
To detect the ignorant, and learn the quack fool;
For with their lance and plasters they take the skin
To make a big hole to put big quacks in.
Then with their calomel they take the rest,
Or substitute morphine, as suits the patient best,
Till death steals upon his pale-faced brow,
And asks, will you meet me in heaven or hell now?

But soon the Botanic sound was heard around,
To heal the sick, to clear the ground,
To dispel the ignorance, to wield the sway,
To show the demons they are in the wrong way.

Nature developed to Thomson alone,
For which he stands highest on the earthly throne;
He detected the ignorant, he learnt the quack fool,
How they might be instructed in his new school.

I laud his name, I love the cause,
It is swift advancing, it is fast gaining applause,
The combat is raging, soon will it be o'er,
The triumph will be ours, sounding from shore to shore.

(L. H. Paddock) xc

 

TO PHYSICIANS

Come, honest Physicians, lay by your suspicions;
There is no great secret in plain, simple truth.
Without boasted vainnes, we tell you in plainness,
True medical science is but in her youth.
We've long been deceived--past ages are grieved,
To find all their medical skill was so weak,
And many inventions, from honest intentions,
Have grown into errors too gross for to speak.

Behold ancient sages, through all the dark ages,
Confus'd and perplexed by mysteries of cure,
No system erected, that could be protected
By reason and truth, which will always endure.
Since good Hippocrates, lived good Cincinnatus,
And Galen, and Celsus, and Plato, and Stahl--
Sydenham and others--all high learned brothers--
But Cullen and Brown at last rivaled them all.

When Doctors we mention, we have no intention
Of casting reproach upon those in the rear:
For Cullen's Nosology, needs no apology--
The Medical Science he split like a hair.
Though many are named, all cannot be famed,
With Harvey and Brown, for the good they have done,
By rending tradition and dark superstition,
To clear out the way for the true light to come.

The true light of nature has now become greater
Than all the high learning the schools do possess;
And plain, common talking, either standing or walking,
Reveals the whole mystery of cure we confess.
The Greeks, while they reigned, their science maintained,
By plain, simple teaching, quite common to all:
Their good sense and reason, would have thought it treason,
To leave their own language the dead to recall.

Rush, in his discourses, the system divorces,
As very uncertain and fickle withal.
A temple uncovered, his genius discovered,
With cracks at the bottom and all through the wall.
He lectured and battered--all systems he scattered;
Like atoms, they flew from his voice through the air.
A final new building, without gloss or gilding,
He knew would be hard, yet confessed would be fair.

Now Thomson's foundation, in this mighty nation,
Is laid on a basis both firm and secure.
No useless appendage, can be of advantage,
To those who would learn the true science of cure.
No clinical lectures, or wholesale conjectures,
Are used by Thomson disease to dispel:
His eye never glances at blisters or lances,
Nor tea spoonful doses of raw Calomel.

He takes his position, with good Composition:
Some good Number Two will increase vital heat.
Numbers One, Two and Three, he then mixes with tea,
Which will scour the stomach and cleanse it complete--
Then steam in proportion revives life and motion:
A free perspiration must soon then begin:
Then makes the steam hotter--throws on some cold water,
And with a clean towel rubs off the old skin.

When washed and dressed, it must be confessed,
We feel so much better than we could have thought:
The fever abated, the sense reinstated:
How simple the process! How easily taught!
This truth we have tested, and when we have rested,
Some food that is wholesome the stomach doth crave.
We need not be fearful, but eat and be cheerful,
And thankful we're sav'd from an untimely grave.

(Anonymous) xci

 

UNTITLED

The regulars are much alarmed
To see the people so much charmed
With our new and wholesome way
To save our bodies from the clay.

"Its folly, ignorance, they say,
Which has sprung up within a day--
Only the ignorant of the land
Will this poor system recommend."

But, after all their foul ab use,
The people love lobelia juice.
Steam and powders is the cry,
Let us have them or we die.

Calomel they now conclude
On them no longer shall intrude,
Nor poisonous drugs of any form;
For they are all inclined to harm.

"Alas! alas! what shall we do,
Botanics, to get shut of you;
Ways and means, and all we say,
Have failed to get you out our way."

One of two you now must chose,
Quit practice, or our med'cine use;
Fall in the ranks, to steaming go,
Or take the plow or take the hoe.

(William F. Hodgen) xcii

This next poem recounts the cure of a young woman's lover who, having caught a cold, is brought to the home of a Thomsonian doctor on New Year's Eve, after having been treated by regular doctors with bleeding and calomel.

AN EXTRAORDINARY CASE

On New Year's Eve a gentle rap was heard, and on opening the door a young gentleman of moderate size, seated in an armed chair, was presented by a lady, whose countenance bespoke sorrow and compassion, and the tear of sympathy bedewed her crimson cheek, as she placed the object of her affections in our charge; and after several ineffectual struggles for utterance, she seemed to say--'Doctor, do your best, as much depends upon the result!' at the close of which a mournful sigh escaped her lips, and she departed without further ceremony. When we proceeded to examine the little patient, and found to our surprise, that he could neither speak nor help himself. But a scroll was attached to his garments, which explained the doleful tale of misery and woe. It reads as follows:--

Here have I come, oh Doctor!
To see if you can cure
The horrid, racking pains
I cannot long endure.

My head does ache most grievously,
My sides are dreadful sore,
My back is lame, my limbs are stiff,
I'm chilly, too, all o'er.

Oh dear! a twinge has caught my toe,
Another's in my side,
Oh truly, I am doom'd to know
The ills that flesh betide.

And, Doctor, but a week ago
I was not wan and thin,
But I did catch a frightful cold,
And call'd the M.Ds, in.

And Calomel they soon pour'd down,
On Senna made me dine,
For tea I'd take a nauseous Pill,
With Antimonial Wine--

For luncheon Dover's Powders,
To make me sleep at night,
And Bleeding to reduce me,
Till you find me in this plight.

All would not do--I'm wond'rous cold;
Oh! save me, or I'll die;
Some PEPPER TEA, pray give me,
Some COMPOSITION try.

A STEAM BATH, too, would surely rouse
Some action in my frame;
Oh Doctor, if you'll cure me,
I'll sound your glorious name--

And bless the New Year's Evening
When first for you I sought,
And home that many glad returns
May to your door be brought.

The fair damsel who performed the Herculean task of bringing her lover to the Infirmary, must have possessed unusual strength of mind and purpose, besides no small share of muscular power--otherwise she could not have succeeded in so arduous an undertaking. Her anxiety for the recovery of the patient was so great, that she could not resist the temptation of calling to ascertain his condition, after he had been under treatment a few days. The object of her affections being comfortably seated in an easy chair, in a kind of musing attitude, at the time of her approach, he broke forth in the following singular strain of rhyming:--

Thanks are due to thee, my dear;
I can never feel too grateful
For thy exertions to get me here,
Although Tea is given by the pailful.

A good hot Steaming, too, they gave me,
While seated in a canvass fine,
Which did very much relieve me--
Especially that sore toe of mine.

Lobelia next stept down to learn
The state of things within me;
Cayenne and Composition began to burn,
I thought the duce was in the--

To bring me here, and leave me, too,
With beings void of all compassion!
I since have learned, with much ado,
It is the prevailing fashion.

By this time I felt most dreadful sick,
And the tea went down more freely;
I then began to squirm and kick,
All caused by the LOBELIA.

At length the pump began to work,
And thee would be astonished dear,
But I soon began to feel more chirk,
Which banished nearly all my fear.

The Sweating now became profuse,
With a Hot Stone at my trotters!
I wondered why they did abuse!
For Steam Doctors are not 'potters'.

They are really scientific men,
Although some will call them quacks;
No M.D. can so well the human system ken
As the steamer, with all his scientific lacks.

Next day the process was repeated,
Which left me wond'rous clear,
The work was thus completed
Without Calomel or the fatal Spear.

Now, my love, let us hasten to fulfill
The contract we long ago did make,
Nothing, except some stealthy ill,
Shall cause my sacred vow to break.

For now I am well and hearty,
No symptoms now remain of gout,
I could this night attend a party,
See how I can hop and jump about!

May success attend the Steamer,
Who snatches from the grave;
While naught is due the Regular,
Who has not the skill to save.

(Anonymous) xciii

This unusual poem was written for the people of Edinburgh , Iowa , and used as an advertisement by botanic doctor R. Polk, formerly from Clinton County , Ohio . Polk promised to treat disease with only herbal remedies, never with the lancet or mineral poisons.

TO THE PEOPLE OF EDINBURGH , IOWA , AND VICINITY

A Buckeye lad has come of late
From Clinton Co., Ohio State,
To Edinburgh, and settled down
To heal the ills prevailing round.

If your disease should be the gout,
He'll chase it round and drive it out;
Or, if the rheumatism reign,
His liniments will ease your pain.

The truth of this, if any doubt,
And feel as if you're going to die,
Just call this youthful doctor out,
And see what healing balms he'll ply.

One thing he wishes you to know,
His remedies do mostly grow,
And from the earth extract the juice
Which he prepares for future use.

His maxims too, I know them well,
He'll never give you calomel;
Nor lancet, opium, nor blue pill--
For those do'n cure but often kill.

(R. Polk) xciv

The following verse recounts a story which happened to the author and botanic physician, Francis Burke, in 1838. A member of the family of Mr. C. B. in Mill Town , Maine , was taken ill with what was diagnosed as scarlet fever. A local regular doctor was called in and the individual died within thirty-six hours. Burke was called to attend the next seven victims, all of whom got well. Nevertheless, Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes accused the Thomsonian of having killed all eight patients when, in truth, he cured seven, and the eighth died at the hands of a regular physician.

DERRY DOWN
A person was sick, (as persons oft are,)
His brain full of fancies--his heart full of care--
His head ach'd--his body--his legs and his shins;
He and pain had tack'd to, like the Siamese Twins.
With a doleful drawl, he says, "wife I am sick,"
Let a doctor be sent for, in haste--so be quick!
If this turns to fever, I'll have a long run,
And spend all my cash ere the half of its done.
What doctor dost want, now, my love, says the wife,
I wish much to please you, and save your dear life;
There's mineral, mongrel, and steam, and of root
With all my endeavor to serve you to boot.
Lord, wife, pray be still, or of fear I shall die!
Do you think I ought else than a mineral would try
His lancet, pills, powders, and blisters I deem
To be more efficacious than puking and steam.
To H **** s xcv then the messenger send,--let him fly--
Say--doctor be instant--perhaps he may die;
Your porte feuille you'll bring, loaded with quantum suff
To poison, and blister, and bleed him enough.
In haste he arrives--both your servant, says he--
You're sick, and ought sooner have sent, for me,
Such complicate maladies need instant aid,
And, are jumbled in so, that you'll die, I'm afraid.
.Let me see--you've some fever, cough, pain in each side
That's pleurisy, and sir, lung fever beside
You're rheumatic, brain fever'd, (and costive 'tis said,)
On the broad of your back for some months you'll be laid.
Two pints were first drawn of the ninmy's life--blood,
And an ill fasten'd bandage increas'd much the flood,
Three emplastric canthasis on sides and the chest,
three bole' by draget opi to digest!

Aethreis nitratis et hali p.p.
And balsam of life, life and cough to set free,
Veri colehici-antimon.--digital leaf--
From Pandoras' box he soon sought out the chief.
Long and painful the strife was, by quacking and death,
To quiet poor nature and stop the man's breath
By puking or purging life tugg'd out the while,
But fainter she grew by his murdering style.
At length, saith the doctor, with a phiz a yard long,
"You've taken more stuff than might kill many strong;
And, yet, in despite of my poisoning strife,
Disease still holds out, and still threatens your life."
"I've strove to reduce you--to change your disease,
Yes,--bled, blistered, poisoned, and brought you no ease.
I've done, sir, my best, and--must now say, that I
Must leave you, in quiet, sir, surely to die."
The doctor made exit with gracious congee,
Assur'd, that, from him, none could get one poor fee,
But, madam had heard, a Thomsonian could cure,
And, begg'd her dear consort his course to endure.
"Why, love, I admit that I'm now doom'd to die,
And just to please you, I am willing to try,
But though I am dying, my dear, I'll maintain,
If I die in his hands, he-- has killed me again! "
The Thomsonian came, and he cur'd him quite soon;
Six more in his house, too, ere fill'd the next moon;
But though he cur'd seven, (so hard was his fate,)
The M.D. reported that he had kill'd eight!

(Francis Burke) xcvi


lxxv. Refers to the first United States Thomsonian Botanic Convention called by Samuel Thomson in September 1832 and intended to bring together his many agents and to display the knowledge and talents of right-holders. His call for a national convention predated the organization of the American Medical Association by fifteen years. The convention assembled in December 1832 in Columbus, Ohio.

lxxvi. Refers to Elias Smith (1769-1846), a controversial clergyman and early advocate and agent of Thomson's patented system. He broke with Thomson in May 1820 by est ab lishing a competing society for the purchase of medicines and the exchange of information. In 1822, he published Medical Pocket-Book, Family Physician and Sick Man's Guide to Health, followed by his American Physician and Family Assistant in 1825, both of which were intended to replace Thomson with Smith as the spokesman for botanic medicine.

lxxvii. Thomson appointed Charles Miles as his agent for Ohio in 1825 and provided him with books and family-rights to sell. Miles set up business in Columbus, but to Thomson's dismay, purchased an additional counterfeit copy from David Rogers of Geneva. Thomson revoked Miles's agency status and transferred his agency to Horton Howard.

lxxviii. Refers to Horton Howard (1769-1833), a Columbus printer, publisher, and early agent of Thomson in Ohio and the Middle West. Authored Improved System of Botanic Medicines Founded Upon Current Physiological Principles; Comprising a Complete Treatise on the Practice of Medicine (1832). Howard formed a dissident group called "Improved Botanics," but the movement was cut short with his death by cholera.

lxxix. Horton Howard's recipe for treating cancer consisted of the juice of the leaves and roots of poke-weed simmered over fire and then mixed with a pound of butter. This mixture was then burned in a frying pan with pulverized gunpowder and allowed to flash. The product was then placed in an earthen pot and mixed with alcohol to prevent spoilage. He applied the ointment twice a day to the cancer to kill its roots. Critics called it Howard's "gunpowder balsam" and warned users to guard against explosion.

lxxx. Samuel Thomson, "Untitled," in Cyrus Thomson (comp.), Learned Quackery Exposed; Or, Theory According to Art, as Exemplified in the Practice of the Honor ab le Doctors of the Present Day (Syracuse: Lathrop and Dean, Printers, 1843), 23-28.

lxxxi. S., "Paraphrase, of a Patriotic Hymn, by Mrs. Barbauld," Thomsonian Manual and Lady's Companion, VI (July 15, 1840), 270.

lxxxii. Anonymous, "Medical Reformers," The Boston Thomsonian, I (March 1, 1846), 161.

lxxxiii. Benjamin Rush (1745-1813); John Brown (1735-1788); John Hunter (1728-1793); and François-Joseph-Victor Broussais 1772-1838).

lxxxiv. Scottish physician and pathologist John Abercrombie (1780-1844); William Potts Dewees; John Redman Coxe; and John Bell (1763-1820).

lxxxv. Ipecacuanha, a tropical South American plant used to induce vomiting.

lxxxvi. Refers to an inflammatory condition requiring depletion as the preferred method of cure.

lxxxvii. French mathematician and philosopher Jean Le Rond d'Alembert (1717-1783)

lxxxviii. Demas Hine, "Regular and Thomsonia Treatment," Poughkeepsie Thomsonian, IV (December 15, 1841), 98-99.

lxxxix. Anonymous, "The Contrast," Thomsonian Manual, VIII (August 1, 1842), 283.

xc. L.H. Paddock, "The Regular and the Botanic Practice of Medicine," Poughkeepsie Thomsonian, VI (September 1, 1841), 45. Paddock is from South Durham . He was urged by the editor to persevere in the study of Thomsonian practice.

xci. Anonymous, "To Physicians," Thomsonian Recorder, III (May 9, 1835), 240.

xcii. William F. Hodgen, "Untitled," in Botanico-Medical Recorder, VI (February 24, 1838), 165.

xciii. Anonymous, "An Extraordinary Case," Poughkeepsie Thomsonian, IV (January 15, 1842), 118.

xciv. R. Polk, "Advertisement," Botanico-Medical Recorder, XIV (July 18, 1846), 247.

xcv. Refers to Oliver Wendell Holmes (1809-1894).

xcvi. F. Burke, " Derry Down," Maine Thomsonian Recorder, I (February 20, 1839), 97-98.

Introduction
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8

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